Potaziyamu Formate: The Eco-Friendly Solution for Demanding Industrial Applications

Potaziyamu formate ndi mankhwala ochititsa chidwi kwambiri omwe akusintha mwakachetechete mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku deicing airport runways mpaka kukhathamiritsa pobowola mafuta akuzama m'nyanja. Mchere wosunthika uwu wa formic acid umapereka kuphatikiza kwamphamvu kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso udindo wa chilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chodziwika bwino kuposa mankhwala azikhalidwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za dziko la potaziyamu mawonekedwe, ndikuwunika mawonekedwe ake apadera, momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana, komanso gawo lalikulu pakulimbikitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Ngati mukuyang'ana njira yanzeru, yotetezeka, komanso yokhazikika yamankhwala, kumvetsetsa ubwino wa potassium formate ndikofunikira.

Kodi Potaziyamu Formate Ndi Chiyani Kwenikweni Ndipo Makhalidwe Ake Ofunika Ndi Chiyani?

Ndiye, mankhwala othandiza awa ndi chiyani? Potaziyamu formate, ndi chilinganizo cha mankhwala CHKO₂, ndi potaziyamu mchere wa formic acid. Imawoneka ngati yoyera, yolimba ya crystalline yomwe ili yokwera kwambiri zosungunuka m'madzi. Mkulu uyu kusungunuka ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapanga maziko potaziyamu formate zothandiza kwambiri m'mapulogalamu ambiri. Akasungunuka m'madzi, amapanga madzi omveka bwino, opanda mtundu omwe amadziwika kuti a potaziyamu formate brine kapena yankho. Njirayi ili ndi malo otsika kwambiri oundana komanso okwera kachulukidwe, makhalidwe awiri ofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zake zazikulu.

The katundu wa potaziyamu formate ndi zomwe zimasiyanitsa. Mosiyana ndi mchere wambiri wamba, sizingawononge zitsulo monga zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu, zomwe zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri m'mafakitale. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kuwonongeka mosavuta ndi biodegradable ndipo imakhala ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono, ndikuyika potaziyamu formate ngati njira yochepetsera chilengedwe kusiyana ndi ma chloride owopsa. The Potaziyamu formate imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ambiri ndendende chifukwa cha kusakanizika kwapadera kwa thupi ndi mankhwala. Formate ion mu pawiri kumathandiza kuti bata ndi ntchito yake.

Nayi kuyang'ana mwachangu pazofunikira zake:

Izi katundu pamodzi kupanga potaziyamu formate kusankha kwapadera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazovuta ntchito mafakitale. Mankhwalawa ndi odabwitsa masiku ano.

Kodi Potaziyamu Formate Amapangidwa Kuti Agwiritsidwe Ntchito Pamafakitale?

The mafakitale kaphatikizidwe za potaziyamu formate ndi njira yowongoka yamankhwala yomwe imatsimikizira chiyero chapamwamba komanso chokhazikika. Njira yodziwika kwambiri imaphatikizapo kuchitapo kanthu kwa neutralization. Izi zimachitika pakati asidi formic (HCOOH) ndi maziko a potaziyamu, monga potaziyamu hydroxide (KOH) kapena potaziyamu carbonate (K₂CO₃). Liti asidi formic amachitira ndi potaziyamu hydroxide, mankhwala ndi potaziyamu formate ndi madzi. Izi ndizowopsa, kutanthauza kuti zimatulutsa kutentha, zomwe ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala m'mafakitale.

General Chemical equation ya izi kaphatikizidwe ndi:
HCOOH + KOH → HCOOK + H₂O

Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri ndipo imalola opanga kupanga potaziyamu formate mayankho a kachulukidwe kosiyanasiyana ndi kachulukidwe kuti akwaniritse zosowa zamakasitomala. Ubwino wa zopangira - the asidi formic ndi gwero la potaziyamu-ndilofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale chiyero chomaliza potaziyamu formate mankhwala. Pambuyo anachita, chifukwa njira yamadzimadzi za potaziyamu formate angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati madzi, kapena akhoza chamunthuyo kuti apereke olimba, crystalline mawonekedwe a Chemical pawiri. Kusinthasintha uku kupanga potassium formate imapangitsa kusintha kwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale. Kulamulira mosamala kwa izi kaphatikizidwe ndi zomwe zimaloleza kupangidwa kwapamwamba kwambiri potaziyamu formate.

Chifukwa chiyani Potaziyamu Formate Ndi Wothandizira Wopambana Kwambiri Kuyerekeza ndi Mchere Wachikhalidwe?

M'nyengo yozizira ikagwa, kusunga njanji, milatho, ndi misewu yopanda madzi oundana kuli kotetezeka komanso kothandiza. Kwa zaka zambiri, njira zothetsera mavuto akhala amchere achikhalidwe sodium kolorayidi kapena calcium chloride. Komabe, izi zimabwera ndi zovuta zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto ndi zomangamanga komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Apa ndi pamene potaziyamu formate amawala ngati wapamwamba deicing agent. The kugwiritsa ntchito potassium formate za kuchita chakula kwambiri chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwake komanso mbiri yake yokoma zachilengedwe.

Potaziyamu formate imagwira ntchito mwachangu komanso mwachangu kutentha kwapansi kuposa mchere wamba wa deicing. An njira yamadzimadzi za potaziyamu formate imatha kuletsa kupangika kwa ayezi mpaka -50°C (-58°F). Njira yake ndi yosiyana; imaphwanya mgwirizano pakati pa ayezi ndi misewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zo pulawo zichotse mosavuta. Chifukwa sichiwononga, imateteza zida zokwera mtengo za eyapoti, ndege, ndi zomangamanga kuzinthu zowononga mchere. Izi zimapangitsa potaziyamu formate kusankha kopanda mtengo m'kupita kwanthawi.

Komanso, potaziyamu formate imapereka phindu lalikulu la chilengedwe.

• Zowonongeka: Imaphwanyidwa mwachibadwa kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto, kuteteza nthaka ya nthawi yaitali ndi madzi okhudzana ndi mchere wa chloride.
• Kawopsedwe Wochepa: Ndiwotetezeka ku zomera m'mphepete mwa msewu wodutsa ndege komanso m'misewu ndipo sichikhudza kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe zili pafupi matupi amadzi.
• Zopanda Chloride: Sichimayambitsa ma ion chloride owononga m'chilengedwe, kuteteza madzi apansi katundu.

Pazifukwa izi, potaziyamu formate tsopano ndi wokondeka kuchita kusankha kwa ma eyapoti akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Amapereka njira yabwino, yamphamvu, komanso yosamalira chilengedwe de-ice malo ovuta.

Kodi Potaziyamu Formate Imagwira Ntchito Motani Ngati Madzi Osamutsa Kutentha Kwambiri?

Muzinthu zambiri zamafakitale, kuyambira kupanga mankhwala mpaka kuzirala kwa mafakitale machitidwe, kuyang'anira kutentha ndikofunikira. Izi zimafuna apadera madzimadzi, wotchedwa a kutentha kutengerapo madzimadzi, kusuntha kutentha kuchoka kumalo ena kupita kumalo ena. Potaziyamu formate Mayankho ake ndi abwino kwambiri kuzirala kwachiwiri komanso madzi otengera kutentha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino a thermodynamic. A potaziyamu formate-zokhazikika madzimadzi amapereka zabwino kwambiri matenthedwe madutsidwe, kulola kuti itenge ndi kutulutsa kutentha bwino.

Ubwino woyamba wogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu formate ngati a kutentha kutengerapo madzimadzi ndi malo ake ozizirirapo komanso kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha. Izi zimalola makina oziziritsa kuti azigwira ntchito modalirika pakutentha kwapansi paziro popanda chiopsezo cha madzimadzi kuzizira ndi kuwononga mapaipi. Mosiyana ndi madzi opangidwa ndi glycol, potaziyamu formate ndi zochepa viscous, kutanthauza zochepa kupopa mphamvu chofunika kuzungulira madzimadzi kudzera mu dongosolo. Izi zikutanthawuza mwachindunji kutsika kwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi.

Komanso, sanali dzimbiri chikhalidwe cha potaziyamu formate zimathandiza kusunga umphumphu ndi moyo wautali wa zigawo za dongosolo yozizira, monga mapaipi, mapampu, ndi osinthanitsa kutentha. Mbiri yake yokonda zachilengedwe ndi inanso yofunika, monga kutayikira kapena kutayikira kwa kutentha kutengerapo madzimadzi zimabweretsa chiopsezo chochepa ku chilengedwe poyerekeza ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito a potaziyamu formate madzimadzi choncho ndi chisankho chanzeru kwa ntchito zamakono, zokhazikika zamakampani.

Nchiyani Chimapangitsa Potaziyamu Formate Kukhala Yofunika Kwambiri Pamakampani a Mafuta ndi Gasi?

The mafuta ndi gasi makampani zimagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi, zomwe zimafuna madzi ochita bwino kwambiri pobowola ndikumaliza zitsime. Potaziyamu formate chatulukira ngati kiyi chowonjezera ndi base madzimadzi m'gawoli, makamaka popanga ma brines olimba kwambiri, opanda zolimba. Izi potaziyamu formate brines amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati onse a kubowola madzimadzi ndi a kumaliza madzi, yopereka maubwino ambiri kuposa machitidwe azikhalidwe.

Mu mafuta ndi gasi dziko lapansi, kuwongolera kuthamanga mkati mwa chitsime ndikofunikira kwambiri. Wapamwamba kachulukidwe za potaziyamu formate njira kumathandiza kulinganiza kupsyinjika mobisa nkhokwe, kuteteza kuphulika koopsa. Chifukwa madziwa alibe zolimba, amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mapangidwe-vuto lofala pomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachokera ku kubowola madzimadzi kutseka pores mwa thanthwe, kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa mafuta ndi gasi. Kugwiritsa ntchito a potaziyamu formate madzimadzi zimathandizira kuti pakhale kupanga kwakukulu kuchokera pachitsime. Izi zimapangitsa potaziyamu formate amtengo wapatali Chemical pawiri.

The chopinga champhamvu katundu wa potaziyamu formate nawonso amatsutsa. Imakhazikika pamapangidwe a shale ndi dongo, kuwalepheretsa kutupa ndikugwera m'chitsime panthawi ntchito pobowola. Kukhazikika kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakubowola bwino. Komanso, chilengedwe mbiri ya potaziyamu formate ndi phindu lalikulu kwa mafuta ndi gasi makampani, yomwe ikuwonjezereka kuti ichepetse malo ake achilengedwe. The potaziyamu formate ndi a zachilengedwe-wochezeka brine zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho choyenera pantchito zakunja ndi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu formate alidi patsogolo luso pobowola.

Kodi Potaziyamu Formate Ingagwiritsidwe Ntchito Monga Madzi Omaliza Pobowola Ntchito?

Mwamtheradi. Ndipotu, imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za potaziyamu formate mu mafuta ndi gasi makampani ali ngati mkulu-machitidwe kumaliza madzi. A kumaliza madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza kumanga chitsime, kubowola kutatha koma kupanga kusanayambe. Cholinga chake ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa chitsime ndikuwononga pang'ono pakupanga miyala. Potaziyamu formate-madzimadzi opangidwa ndi thupi amapambana paudindowu.

Chinsinsi ndichoti perekani kachulukidwe kwambiri, zolimba-zopanda madzimadzi. A potaziyamu formate kumaliza madzimadzi ikhoza kupangidwa molondola kachulukidwe zofunika kusamalira nkhokwe kupanikizika popanda kulemera kwambiri kotero kuti kumaphwanya mapangidwe. Chikhalidwe chake chopanda zolimba ndiye chuma chake chachikulu pano; zimatsimikizira kuti njira zopangira mafuta ndi gasi kuti zilowe m'chitsime zimakhalabe zotseguka komanso zosatsekedwa. Izi zimabweretsa kuchulukirachulukira kwachitsime komanso kubweza ndalama zambiri pakubowola ndi kumaliza ntchito. The potaziyamu formate zimathandizira kukulitsa zokolola.

Komanso, mafuta abwino kwambiri a potaziyamu formate brines amathandizira kuthamangitsa zida zomaliza m'chitsime. Chikhalidwe chake chosawononga chimateteza zitsulo zamtengo wapatali za kumalizidwa kwa chitsime kuti zisawonongeke pakapita nthawi. Pogwiritsa ntchito a potaziyamu formate kumaliza madzimadzi, ogwira ntchito mu makampani gasi amatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, kuwonjezera moyo wa zida zawo, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. The kugwiritsa ntchito potassium formate apa pali osintha masewera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake Potaziyamu formate imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa izi zimafuna zitsime zotentha kwambiri, zotentha kwambiri.

Kodi Pali Ntchito Zina Zofunikira Zamakampani a Potaziyamu Formate?

Pamene maudindo ake mu kuchita ndi mafuta ndi gasi gawo ndi otchuka, kusinthasintha kwa potaziyamu formate imapitilira kwa ena ambiri mafakitale osiyanasiyana mapulogalamu. Zake zapadera zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zamtengo wapatali chowonjezera ndi gawo mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu ndi njira. Ntchito yotakata ya potaziyamu formate imatsindika kufunika kwake ngati mankhwala a mafakitale.

Zina mwa mapulogalamu enawa ndi awa:

• Konkriti Accelerator: Mukumanga, potaziyamu formate angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati accelerator kukhazikitsa konkire, makamaka nyengo yozizira. Zimathandizira kukwaniritsa konkriti mphamvu zoyambirira popanda kubweretsa zowononga chloride zomwe zingawononge rebar yachitsulo.
• Kupukuta Zikopa: Potaziyamu formate amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani achikopa monga chowotcha, kuthandiza kupanga zinthu zofewa komanso zolimba.
• Wochepetsa: Mu kaphatikizidwe mankhwala, potaziyamu formate akhoza kuchita ngati a kuchepetsa wothandizira muzochitika zina, kupereka ma elekitironi kuti athandizire kusintha kwa mankhwala ena. Imagwiranso ntchito ngati gwero la ma ion a formate.
• Potaziyamu Feteleza: Monga gwero la potaziyamu, michere yofunika kwambiri kwa zomera, potaziyamu formate Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito popanga madzi apadera fetereza mankhwala. Izi potaziyamu feteleza ndiwothandiza kwambiri.
• Kupanga Potaziyamu Metal: Potaziyamu formate ndi choyambirira mu kupanga chitsulo potaziyamu kudzera mu electrolysis yosungunuka mchere. Iyi ndi njira yapadera kwambiri koma yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale.

Kafukufuku wopitilira mu potaziyamu formate zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ntchito zake kukuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukula. Pamene mafakitale akufunafuna njira zogwirira ntchito, zotetezeka, komanso zobiriwira, kufunikira kwa Potaziyamu mawonekedwe amapezeka kuonjezera.

Kodi Potaziyamu Formate Ndi Yabwinodi Kuteteza Zachilengedwe?

Zokambirana zozungulira mankhwala amakampani masiku ano zimayang'ana kwambiri kukhazikika komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Mwa ichi, potassium formate ali ndi ubwino waukulu. Poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ambiri wamba, makamaka mchere wopangidwa ndi chloride, potaziyamu formate zimabweretsa chiopsezo chochepa kwambiri ku chilengedwe. Kudzipereka uku kuteteza chilengedwe ndiye gwero lalikulu la kukhazikitsidwa kwake.

Phindu lalikulu la chilengedwe cha potaziyamu formate ndi kuwonongeka kwake kofulumira. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka m'nthaka ndi m'madzi tikamatulutsidwa m'malo ozungulira, timasweka msanga kukhala madzi, carbon dioxide, ndi potaziyamu ions. Izi zachilengedwe kuwonongeka kwa potassium formate amalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza kwa nthawi yayitali. Mosiyana, ma chlorides ochokera ku mchere ngati sodium kolorayidi ikhoza kukhalabe m'chilengedwe kwa zaka zambiri, kuwononga zomera ndi kuipitsa madzi apansi. Izi zimapangitsa potaziyamu formate wopambana bwino ntchito ngati kuchita, kumene mankhwala amatulutsidwa mwadala m'chilengedwe.

Kuphatikiza apo, kutsika kwake kawopsedwe ku zamoyo zam'madzi, zomera, ndi nyama kumapangitsa kukhala chisankho chotetezeka. Kutaya kapena kutuluka kwa potaziyamu formate mayankho ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri pazachilengedwe. Mu mafuta ndi gasi makampani, pogwiritsa ntchito a zachilengedwe wochezeka deicing ndi kubowola madzimadzi monga potaziyamu formate zimathandiza makampani kukwaniritsa malamulo okhwima a chilengedwe ndikuwonetsa udindo wamakampani. Kusankha a Chemical pawiri monga potaziyamu formate ndi sitepe yolimbikira kuzinthu zokhazikika zamafakitale.

Ndi Zotani Zokhudza Chitetezo ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Potaziyamu Formate?

Pamene potaziyamu formate amaonedwa kuti ndi otetezeka komanso okonda zachilengedwe, akadali mankhwala a mafakitale ndipo ayenera kusamalidwa bwino. Kutsatira ndondomeko zachitetezo ndikofunikira kuti muteteze ogwira ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito zikuyenda bwino. Nthawi zambiri, potaziyamu formate ilibe poizoni komanso yosakwiyitsa, koma monga mankhwala aliwonse, ndikwanzeru kuchepetsa kukhudzana mwachindunji.

Pamene akugwira olimba potaziyamu formate, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera (PPE), kuphatikizapo magolovesi, magalasi otetezera chitetezo, ndi zophimba fumbi, kuti apewe kupuma kwa ufa ndi kukhudza khungu. Ngakhale kuti sichitachita kwambiri, iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, owuma kutali ndi oxidizing amphamvu. Za madzi a potaziyamu formate njira zopewera, njira zodzitetezera zomwezi zimagwiranso ntchito popewa kuphulika m'maso kapena pakhungu. Zinthuzo zimakhala zokhazikika pansi pazikhalidwe zabwinobwino.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zachitetezo cha potaziyamu formate ndi chikhalidwe chake chosayaka. Izi zimachepetsa zoopsa za moto posungira ndikugwiritsa ntchito, makamaka poyerekeza ndi madzi ena otengera kutentha kwa organic. Ponseponse, ndondomeko zoyendetsera potaziyamu formate ndizowongoka, ndipo mbiri yake yabwino yachitetezo ndi chifukwa china chakuchulukirachulukira mu mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu formate yamikirani zofunika zake zachitetezo chotheka. Izi zimapangitsa potaziyamu mawonekedwe ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ambiri kusankha kothandiza.

Momwe Mungasankhire Wothandizira Potaziyamu Wodalirika?

Kusankha wogulitsa bwino ndikofunikira monga kusankha mankhwala oyenera. Kwa mankhwala ngati potaziyamu formate, kumene chiyero ndi kusasinthasintha ndizofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito, kuyanjana ndi wopanga wotchuka n'kofunika kwambiri. Wothandizira wodalirika sadzapereka mankhwala okha, komanso chithandizo chaumisiri, khalidwe losasinthika, ndi mayendedwe okhazikika. Pofufuza izi Chemical pawiri, ganizirani wogulitsa yemwe angapereke mankhwala ena okhudzana, monga Ammonium Formate kapena mchere wosiyana ngati Magnesium sulphate, chifukwa izi nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza ukadaulo wokulirapo pakupanga mankhwala.

Yang'anani wothandizira yemwe ali ndi njira zowongolera bwino, yemwe angapereke Satifiketi Yowunikira (COA) ndikutumiza kulikonse, kufotokoza chiyero, kachulukidwe, ndi zina zofunika zofunika za potaziyamu formate. Zochitika pamakampani ndizofunikiranso; wothandizira yemwe amamvetsetsa zovuta zamapulogalamu monga kubowola kwamphamvu kwambiri madzi kapena bwalo la ndege kuchita akhoza kupereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali. Kukhoza kwawo kupereka ndalama potaziyamu formate m'mawonekedwe ofunikira - kukhala olimba kapena osakanikirana ndi brine - komanso m'matumba oyenera ndikofunikira kuti muphatikizidwe mopanda msoko muzochita zanu.

Pomaliza, ganizirani kudzipereka kwa woperekayo ku ntchito yamakasitomala ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Bwenzi labwino limakhala lolabadira, lowonekera, ndikugwira ntchito moyenera ndi chilengedwe. Chakudya champhamvu chimatsimikizira kuti mukulandira zanu potaziyamu formate pa nthawi, nthawi iliyonse, kupewa kuchedwa kwamtengo wapatali pamapulojekiti anu. The potassium formate ndi mankhwala zomwe zimafuna miyezo yapamwamba kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ake.

Zofunika Kwambiri

Potaziyamu formate ndi yosinthika kwambiri komanso yamtengo wapatali Chemical pawiri ndi tsogolo lowala m'mafakitale angapo. Kuphatikiza kwake kwapadera kwa ntchito ndi udindo wa chilengedwe kumapangitsa kukhala njira yabwino yothetsera mavuto amakono.

• Kuchita Kwapamwamba: Potaziyamu formate amapambana ngati a deicing agent,a kutentha kutengerapo madzimadzi,ndi a kubowola ndi kumaliza madzimadzi chifukwa cha kuzizira kwake kochepa, kokwera kachulukidwe, ndi chikhalidwe chosawononga.
• Wosamalira zachilengedwe: Ndiwosavuta kuwonongeka ndipo imakhala ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono, kupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino kuposa mchere wachikhalidwe wa chloride ndikuteteza. nthaka ndi madzi.
• Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana: Kupitilira ntchito zake zazikulu, potaziyamu formate n'kofunika pa zomangamanga, kufufuta zikopa; kaphatikizidwe mankhwala, ndipo ngakhale ngati wapadera potaziyamu feteleza.
• Madalaivala Ofunika Kwambiri: Mu mafuta ndi gasi makampani, potaziyamu formate-zamadzimadzi zochokera kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mapangidwe ndi kukulitsa zokolola zabwino, kuzipangitsa kukhala zofunika Chemical pawiri pakupanga ndondomeko.
• Zotetezeka komanso Zothandiza: Ndi zofunikira zowongolera molunjika komanso mbiri yolimba yachitetezo, potaziyamu formate ndi othandiza komanso odalirika kusankha osiyanasiyana ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale. The kugwiritsa ntchito potassium formate ndi ndalama zanzeru, zokhazikika.