Kua whakaaro koe he aha te mea e marama ana, e pupuhi ana o panekeke? He aha ranei te awhina i nga kararehe paamu ki te whakatipu wheua kaha? Ko te tupono, he whakaurunga maha e kiia ana monocalcium phosphate he mahi. Tenei noa pūhāhā pūhui, ka whakapotohia hei MCP, he ahua hangarau pea, engari ka kitea i roto i te maha o nga taonga o ia ra, mai i to whare kihini ki nga taonga ahuwhenua. Te maramatanga monocalcium phosphate a he mea nui ona whakamahinga na te mea he matua taapiri i roto i te kai me te kai ahumahi me te ara pakū ake i roto i ētahi atu wāhi. Ka ruku tenei tuhinga ki te aha monocalcium phosphate (MCP), he pehea te hanga, ona tono matua - ina koa me pehea monocalcium phosphate whakamahia hei kaikawe rewena – tona tohu haumaru, me te aha tenei pūhāhā he puna nui o te mea tino nui matūkai rite konupūmā me te ūkuikui. Panuitia kia hurahia te putaiao kei muri i tenei puhui matū mahi hoiho!
He aha te Monocalcium Phosphate?
Na, me wawahi. Monocalcium phosphate he pūhui pararopi me te tātai matū Ca(H₂PO₄)₂. Whakaarohia he momo tote konupūmā i ahu mai i waikawa phosphoric. No te whanau nui o te konupūmā pūhāhās, he tino kohuke mo te oranga. Monocalcium phosphate he rereke na te mea he owehenga o te konupūmā ki te pūhāhā. (MCP: 1)
I tona ahua o mua, monocalcium phosphate (MCP) ka puta he ma, he paura rere kore utu ranei kirikiri. E mohiotia ana mo tona ahua waikawa me te pai whakarewatanga i roto i te wai ka whakaritea ki etahi atu konupūmā pūhāhāHe rite ki te dicalcium, tricalcium phosphate ranei. Ko tenei wairewa te mea matua ki te maha o ana mahi, ina koa ki te tunu. Ko te mea nui, monocalcium phosphate whakarato puna o rua tino nui kohuke nui: konupūmā me te ūkuikui, he mea nui ki tua atu i tana tauhohenga matū. (MCP: 2, Phosphate: 1)
Me pehea te hanga Monocalcium Phosphate?
Te whakaputanga o monocalcium phosphate he tukanga matū kua tino tau. I te nuinga o te wa ka hangaia ma te mana whakahaere tauhohenga o te konupūmā puna, te nuinga konupūmā waihā (mohiotia ano he kotakota slaked) ranei konupūmā pākawa waro (kohatu), me waikawa phosphoric. Ko nga tikanga tika o tenei tauhohenga - te mahana, te kukū, me te whakaranu - ka ata whakahaeretia hei whakarite i te hua e hiahiatia ana, monocalcium phosphate, he mea hanga ki te parakore teitei. (MCP: 3, Phosphate: 2, Rauemi mata: 1)
Ko te kounga o te rauemi mata, otira ko te ma o te konupūmā waihā me te waikawa ūkuikui, ka pa ki te kounga whakamutunga o te monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Ka piri nga Kaihanga ki nga paerewa whakahaere kounga hei whakaiti i nga poke me te whakarite kia tutuki te hua ki nga whakaritenga mo tona whakamahinga, ahakoa he taapiri kai he whakauru ranei kei roto kai kararehe. Ko te hua monocalcium phosphate ka whakamarokehia, ka tukatuka hei paura kirikiri puka e tika ana mo nga momo tono. (MCP: 5, Phosphate: 3, Te taapiri kai: 1)
He aha te Monocalcium Phosphate e whakamahia ana ki te kai?
Ko tetahi o nga mea tino nui te whakamahi i te monocalcium phosphate kei roto i te ahumahi kai, ko te tuatahi ko te a kai rewena. Monocalcium phosphate (MCP) he waikawa, te tikanga he waikawa. Ina whakamahia i roto i taonga tunua, MCP tauhohe ki te whakauru kawakore, te tikanga konutai bicarbonate (e mohiotia ana ko houra tunutunu), i te aroaro o te makuku. Ko tenei tauhohenga ka tuku te hauhā hau. Ka mau enei mirumiru hau iti ki roto i te paraoa pokepoke ranei, ka nui haere, ka piki ake i te wa e tunu ana, ka puta he marama, he hau, he kakano fluffy. Monocalcium phosphate ko whakamahia nuitia i te mahi rua paura tunu hangahanga na te mea he tere te mahi i te wa e tapirihia ana te makuku, ka hoatu he rewena tuatahi. (MCP: 8, Phosphate: 4, He kaihoko rewena: 1, Taonga tunu: 1, houra tunutunu: 1, hauhā: 1, Ka whakamahia noa: 1, Karekau: 1, Te paura tunu: 1)
I tua atu i te rewena, monocalcium phosphate whakamahia i roto i te kai e mahi ana i etahi atu kaupapa. Ka taea e ia te mahi hei whakamau paraoa, hei awhina i te whakapakari i te hanganga gluten i roto i nga paraoa pokepoke. Ko te monocalcium phosphate ano hoki whakamahia hei kaihoko whakahaere pH, hei awhina ki te pupuri i te waikawa e hiahiatia ana, te kawakore ranei i etahi kai tukatuka. I tua atu, ka taea te mahi hei whakaemi, he awhina ki te whakakotahi i nga kai e kore e pai te uru, penei i te hinu me te wai, me te whakakaha i etahi huawhenua kēne. Ko tana kaha ki te tarai i nga katote whakarewa ka awhina i te aukati i te tae me te whakapai ake i te kakano a ora papa o nga momo momo kai. Ko te te whakamahi MCP ki te kai kua horapa nui na enei mahi maha. (MCP: 10, Phosphate: 5, Nga kai tukatuka: 1, whakaehunga: 1, Ko te monocalcium phosphate ano hoki: 1, Whakapai ake i te kakano: 1, Te ora papa: 1, Ka whakamahia ki te kai: 1, Te whakamahi MCP ki te kai: 1, Monocalcium phosphate whakamahia: 1)
Ka kitea e koe i nga wa maha monocalcium phosphate (MCP) kua whakarārangitia i runga i ngā tapanga whakauru o te maha o nga kai kua oti te hoko. Whakaarohia nga mea penei:
- Nga keke me nga ranu keke
- Pihikete me te pihikete
- Mawhenas me nga kohatu
- Panekeke me nga ranunga waffle
- Paoa piki ake
- Ko etahi taro me pōhā tūemi
He waahanga matua tera mcp te nuinga kitea i roto i nga momo maha paura tunu kia piki ake taua hainatanga. Ētahi atu pūhāhā kai rite Disodium Phosphate kei reira ano pea mo nga mahi rereke. (MCP: 12, Phosphate: 7, Taonga tunu: 2, Mawhena: 1, Panekeke: 1, Parani: 1, Ka kitea noa: 1)
He haumaru te Monocalcium Phosphate ki te kai?
Ina kite koe i tetahi ingoa matū penei monocalcium phosphate i runga i te tapanga kai, he mea maori te whakaaro mo te haumaru. Ko te rongo pai ko tera monocalcium phosphate (MCP) ko e mohiotia ana he haumaru (KARERE) mo te kai ma nga tari whakahaere nui puta noa i te ao, tae atu ki te U.S. Whakahaere Kai me te Taakaro (FDA). Ko te KARERE Ko te tikanga o te tohu i runga i te hitori o te whakamahinga haumaru me nga taunakitanga putaiao, ko te matū ka whakaarohia he haumaru mo tona whakamahinga mo te kai. Monocalcium phosphate kua whakamahia hei taapiri kai mo nga tekau tau karekau he nui o nga paanga kino ka pau i roto i nga rahinga. (MCP: 15, Phosphate: 8, E mohiotia ana he haumaru: 1, FDA: 1, Whakahaere Kai me te Taakaro: 1, Ka whakaarohia he haumaru: 1, KARERE: 1, Ka whakamahia hei taapiri kai: 1, He haumaru mo te kai tangata: 1, U.S: 1)
Waihoki, ko te Mana Haumaru Kai Pakeha (EFSA) kua arotakehia monocalcium phosphate me te whakaae kia whakamahia hei a taapiri kai (kua tohua ko E341(i)) i roto i te Kotahitanga o Europi. EFSA whakapumautia e manakohia te kai o ia ra (ADI) taumata mo te katoa pūhāhā te kai mai i nga puna katoa. Ahakoa kei te noho nga ADI motuhake, ko te nui o monocalcium phosphate (MCP) i pau mai i tana mahi hei a kai rewena i roto taonga tunua Ko te tikanga kei raro iho i nga taumata ka waiho hei awangawanga mo te tangata hauora. Ko te ka whakaarohia he haumaru mo te kai i roto i enei anga ture. (MCP: 16, Phosphate: 10, Mana Haumaru Kai Pakeha: 1, Te taapiri kai: 2, EFSA: 1, Te horomanga o ia ra: 1, He kaihoko rewena: 2, Taonga tunu: 3, Ka whakaarohia he haumaru mo te kai: 1)
Engari, he mea tika kia mahara ko etahi wa ka puta nga awangawanga mo te kai katoa pūhāhā te horomanga, ina koa mai i kai tukatuka kei hea nga momo pūhāhā taapirika whakamahia pea. Tino teitei o te ūkuikui i roto i te kai, ina koa he iti te kai o te konupora, ka raru pea te toenga konupora me te hauora wheua mo te wa roa. Ko nga tangata e mau ana i nga ahuatanga hauora motuhake, penei i te mate mau tonu mate whatukuhu, me aroturuki pea i a raatau pūhāhā kia kaha ake te tango i raro i te aratohu a te taote. Mo te taupori whanui, e kai ana i nga kai e kei roto te monocalcium phosphate hei wāhanga o te kai taurite ko ka kiia he haumaru, engari ko nga tauira kai me te katoa whakaōrite he mea nui tonu. (MCP: 17, Phosphate: 13, taapiri: 1, Nga taumata teitei o te ūkuikui: 1, Te hauora wheua: 1, Te mate whatukuhu: 1, Kei roto te monocalcium phosphate: 1, Ko te tikanga he haumaru: 1, Whakaōrite: 1, Nga raruraru hauora: 1)
He aha nga Whakamahinga o te Monocalcium Phosphate ki te Whangai Kararehe?
I tua atu o te kīhini, monocalcium phosphate (MCP) he whakauru kohatu kokonga i roto i te kai kararehe ahumahi. Ko tana mahi tuatahi i konei he kai tino whai hua taapiri whakarato taapiri konupūmā me te ūkuikui. Ko enei kohuke e rua he tino matūkai tino nui e hiahiatia ana mo te maha o nga mahi tinana i roto i nga kararehe me te heihei. He mea nui ratou mo te kaha hauora wheua me te whakawhanaketanga o te koiwi, te paunga o te kaha, te mahi nerve, me te katoa te tipu me te whanaketanga kararehe. He maha nga wa ka taapirihia te MCP ki te whangai i nga whakatakotoranga hei whakarite kia whiwhi nga kararehe i te nui o enei kohuke tino nui, ina koa ka ngaro nga kai taketake. (MCP: 19, Phosphate: 14, Kai kararehe: 1, taapiri: 2, Te konupora me te ūkuikui: 1, Nga matūkai tino nui: 1, Te hauora wheua: 2, Te tipu me te whanaketanga kararehe: 1, He maha nga wa ka taapirihia te MCP: 1, matūkai: 1)
Nga painga o te taapiri monocalcium phosphate (MCP) ki kai kararehe he mea motuhake ki te momo kararehe.
- heihei: I roto kai heihei, MCP whai wāhi nui ki te whakapai ake te kounga anga hua me te katoa hanga hua i nga heihei whakatoi. Mo nga heihei (heihei whakatipu hei mīti), e tautoko ana i te tipu tere me te tika o te koiwi.
- Poaka: I roto kai poaka, taapiri pūhāhā mai MCP he mea nui mo te reiti tipu tino pai, whai hua te whakamahi kai, me te whanaketanga o nga wheua hauora, ina koa i nga poaka taitamariki, tere te tipu.
- Kau: Mo nga kau miraka, e tika ana konupūmā me te ūkuikui he mea nui mo hanga miraka me te hauora whakawhānau. MCP ka awhina i enei hiahia.
whānui, monocalcium phosphate ka awhina i te pai o te hauora kararehe, te hua, me te uara kai o nga hua kararehe ka puta. Kua whiriwhiria mo tona koiora, te tikanga ko te pūhāhā me te konupūmā e ngotea ana, e whakamahia ana e te kararehe. Ētahi atu pūhāhā puna rite Dicalcium Phosphate he hoki whakamahia nuitia i roto i te whangai, i etahi wa ka tohua i runga i nga hiahia hangahanga motuhake, te whai hua ranei o te utu. (MCP: 24, Phosphate: 17, Kai kararehe: 2, taapiri: 3, heihei: 1, Whangai heihei: 1, Te kounga o te anga huamata: 1, Te whakaputa hua manu: 1, Kai poaka: 1, Te whakamahi whangai: 1, Te konupora me te ūkuikui: 2, Te hanga miraka: 1, Te uara kai: 1, Ka whakamahia noa hei rewena: 1)
Kei te mahi te Monocalcium Phosphate hei Fertilizer?
Ahakoa monocalcium phosphate (MCP) kei roto e rua te konupūmā me te pūhāhā, he mea tino nui matūkais mo tipu tipu, tona whakamahi tika hei tuatahi tongi he iti noa iho ka whakaritea ki etahi atu pūhāhā puna. Ahuwhenua paerewa tongiHe maha nga wa ka whakatauhia e ia nga pūhui penei i te ammonium phosphates (pērā i te Monoammonium Phosphate) he superphosphates ranei, he mea teitei ake pūhāhā kukū, pai ake ranei whakarewatanga Ko nga ahuatanga kua whakaritea mo te tono hua whenua whanui eka. He mea nui ano hoki enei hauota ranei pāhare pāporo. (MCP: 25, Phosphate: 20, matūkai: 2, Te tipu tipu: 1, He tongi: 1)
Ka mea, Ka taea te whakamahi mcp i etahi tohunga motuhake tongi whakakotahitanga tono ranei. Na te mea kei te waatea noa puna o te ūkuikui me te konupūmā, monocalcium phosphate Ka taea te whai hua mo nga ahuatanga oneone motuhake, nga hua ranei he nui te hiahia mo nga mea e rua matūkais. Ka whakaurua pea ki roto i nga maniua timata hei whakanui i nga tipu taitamariki, ka whakamahia ranei ki nga mahi ahuone e tika ana te tuku matūkai. Heoi, mo te whakakikiritanga ahuwhenua whanui, etahi atu pūhāhā he pai ake te ohanga me te whakamahi whanui i nga puka. MCPKo te mahi a tongi Na reira he nui ake te kohanga ka whakaritea ki tana whakamahinga rongonui i roto kai me te kai. (MCP: 26, Phosphate: 22, He tongi: 2, Te puna o te ūkuikui me te konupūmā: 1, matūkai: 3, Te tipu tipu: 2, Ka taea te whakamahi MCP: 1, Te kai me te whangai: 1)
He aha te rereketanga i waenga i te Monocalcium Phosphate me etahi atu Phosphate?
Te ao o pūhāhās he maha nga konupūmā pūhāhā pūhui, me monocalcium phosphate (MCP) he āhuatanga motuhake. Ka whakaritea ki te Dicalcium Phosphate (CaHPO₄) me Tricalcium Phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂), MCP Ko (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂) te tino waikawa me te wai teitei whakarewatanga. Ko tenei wairewa teitei me te waikawa te take monocalcium phosphate he whai hua hei mahi tere kai rewena – ka memeha i roto i te pokeranu, ka ngawari te mahi. Ko te dicalcium me te tricalcium phosphates he iti te wairewa me te iti ake te waikawa, ka pai ake hei puna mo te konupūmā me pūhāhā i roto i nga taapiri, kai kararehe (i te wa e pai ana te tukunga puhoi, e hiahiatia ana ranei), hei kaikawe rere ranei, kaua mo te rewena. (MCP: 28, Phosphate: 25, Wairewa: 1, He kaihoko rewena: 3, Kai kararehe: 3)
Ina whakatairite monocalcium phosphate (MCP) ki etahi atu waikawa rewena matū e whakamahia ana i roto i te tunu kai, ka puta ake he rerekee i te tere o te tauhohenga me te whai waahi reka. Hei tauira, te Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (SAPP), tetahi atu mea noa kai rewena a pūhāhā pūhui (tirohia Pyrophosphate waikawa konutai), i te nuinga o te wa ka puhoi ake te urupare i te MCP i te pāmahana rūma engari ka kaha ake i te whakamahana. He pai tenei mo nga paura tunu-rua ka puta etahi rewena i te wa e ranu ana me etahi atu i te wa e tunu ana. Kirīmi tartar (pāhare pāporo bitartrate) ko tetahi atu waikawa, engari ehara i te a pūhāhā. I etahi wa ka taea e nga tartrates te tuku i tetahi momo rereke rereke ka whakaritea ki pūhāhās. Ko te kowhiringa o te waikawa rewena ka whakawhirinaki ki nga ahuatanga piki e hiahiatia ana, te kakano o te hua whakamutunga, nga whakaaro mo te wa roa, me te utu. Monocalcium phosphate tuku i te pono, tere rewena mahi tuatahi. (MCP: 30, Phosphate: 28, He kaihoko rewena: 4, konutai: 1, Te pāhare pāporo: 1)
He Awangawanga ano mo te whakauru i te Phosphate Nui?
Ahakoa monocalcium phosphate (MCP) ko ia ano e mohiotia ana he haumaru, kei te haere tonu nga korerorero i roto i te hapori hauora mo te nui o te kai o te pūhāhās mai i te kai hou. Phosphate he kohuke tino nui, engari kei te noho maaharahara pea teitei o te ūkuikui ka pau i nga puna maori (penei hua miraka kau, kai) taapiri te pūhāhā kua tapiritia ki te maha kai tukatuka hei mahi taapiris (tae atu ki te whakaemulsifiers, stabilizers, me te acidulants rite MCP). (MCP: 31, Phosphate: 31, E mohiotia ana he haumaru: 1, Nga taumata teitei o te ūkuikui: 2, Hua miraka kau: 1, Nga kai tukatuka: 2, taapiri: 4)
Ko te tino āwangawanga ki te taikaha, mau tonu pūhāhā ko tona kaha ki te whakararu i te toenga konupora o te tinana, tera pea ka pa hauora wheua mo te wa roa, me te pohehe pea mōrea hauora mo nga taangata kua paheke te mahi whatukuhu (mate whatukuhu). Ko nga whatukuhu he mahi nui ki te whakahaere pūhāhā taumata. He mea nui ki te whakanui ko te take kaore i te nuinga o te waa taapiri rite monocalcium phosphate (MCP) e tika ana te whakamahi, engari ko te hua whakahiato o katoa kai pūhāhā. Na reira, te pupuri i te kai taurite me te whakaharatau whakaōrite mo nga kai tino tukatuka he mea tika mo te hauora katoa. Monocalcium phosphate whakamahia hei kai rewena i etahi wa taonga tunua kare pea he kaikawe nui ki te taikaha pūhāhā te kai mo te nuinga o nga tangata hauora. (MCP: 32, Phosphate: 34, Te hauora wheua: 3, Nga raruraru hauora: 2, Te mate whatukuhu: 2, taapiri: 5, Whakaōrite: 2, Taonga tunu: 4, Ka whakamahia hei kai rewena: 1)
Kei hea e kitea ai te Monocalcium Phosphate?
Na, kei hea tenei mahi maha pūhāhā pūhui e tūtaki ana? Ka rite ki ta matou i korero ai, monocalcium phosphate (MCP) ka puta ake i roto i nga waahanga nui:
- Hua Kai: matua i roto i taonga tunua Pērā i ngā keke, mawhene, panekeke, pihikete, me te parāoa kare ake, he tere te mahi. kai rewena. He waahanga nui o te maha o nga hokohoko paura tunus. Ka kitea ano i etahi atu kai tukatuka hei kaiwhakatika pH, hei whakau ranei. MCP te nuinga whakamahia hei taapiri kai i roto i enei horopaki.
- Whangai Kararehe: MCP he tino whakamahia taapiri i roto i nga whakatakotoranga mo heihei, poaka (kai poaka), kau, me te ahumoana hei whakarato i nga mea tino nui konupūmā me te ūkuikui mo te tipu, hauora wheua, hanga miraka, a te kounga anga hua. Monocalcium phosphate he kī puna o te konupūmā me te ūkuikui.
- He tongi: Ahakoa he iti noa atu i ana whakamahinga kai/kai, monocalcium phosphate Ka taea hoki te whakamahi mcp i roto i te motuhake tongi nga ranunga, ina koa nga maniua timata, ki te whakarato i te watea pūhāhā me te konupūmā ki ngā tipu taitamariki.
Ka taea e koe te tautuhi monocalcium phosphate ma te tirotiro i te rarangi whakauru kei runga i te kete kai (ka tohua he "monocalcium phosphate" ranei E341(i)) he tohu whangai ranei. Ko tona aroaro e tohu ana i tana mahi hei waikawa rewena, hei mea nui ranei matūkai tāpiringa. Ko whakarato puna o kohuke nui e tika ana mo te tangata (ma te kai) me te kararehe (ma te whangai). (MCP: 38, Phosphate: 38, Taonga tunu: 5, He kaihoko rewena: 5, Te paura tunu: 2, Nga kai tukatuka: 3, Te taapiri kai: 3, taapiri: 6, heihei: 2, Kai poaka: 2, Te konupora me te ūkuikui: 3, Te hauora wheua: 4, Te hanga miraka: 2, Te kounga o nga hua reinga: 2, Te puna o te konupūmā me te ūkuikui: 1, He tongi: 3, Ka taea hoki te whakamahi MCP: 1, matūkai: 4, Ka whakaratohia he puna: 1, Kohuke nui: 1, MCP te nuinga: 1)
Nga Taketake matua mo te Monocalcium Phosphate
Monocalcium phosphate (MCP) he puhui hirahira ake i ta te nuinga e mohio ana, e whai waahi nui ana i muri i a tatou punaha kai me te ahuwhenua. Kia hoki ano nga kaupapa matua:
- He aha te mea: MCP he konupūmā waikawa pūhāhā te tote (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂), he paura ma ranei kirikiri, ka puta mai i te tauhohenga o te puna konupūmā (pērā konupūmā waihā) me waikawa phosphoric.
- Whakamahinga Tuatahi: Ko ona tono matua he mahi tere kai rewena i roto taonga tunua (te whakautu me houra tunutunu ki te whakaputa hau hau hau me te hanga a kakano fluffy) me te mea tino nui puna o te konupūmā me te ūkuikui i roto kai kararehe tāpiringa mō ngā kararehe me heihei.
- Ētahi atu Whakamahinga: MCP whakamahia hoki hei whāhauhau paraoa, hei kaiwhakarite pH, whakaemi i roto i nga kai, me etahi mea motuhake tongi tono.
- Haumaru: Monocalcium phosphate ko e mohiotia ana he haumaru (KARERE) na te FDA a ka whakaaetia e EFSA hei whakamahi hei a taapiri kai. Ahakoa te nuinga o te kai kai teitei pūhāhā Ko te horomanga he kaupapa korero, MCP whakamahia rite te tikanga ka whakaarohia he haumaru mo te kai.
- Painga: E whakarato ana i te mea nui matūkai rite konupūmā me te ūkuikui, mea nui mo te tangata hauora wheua, te tipu me te whanaketanga kararehe, te kounga anga hua, hanga miraka, a tipu tipu.
Te maramatanga monocalcium phosphate ka awhina i te maioha ki te putaiao e uru ana ki te hanga kai me te kai kararehe. He tauira tino nui mo te whai waahi nui o nga pūhui matū motuhake ki te kounga me te uara kai o nga hua e whakawhirinaki ana matou i ia ra. (MCP: 42, Phosphate: 43, Granule: 1, Na te tauhohenga: 1, konupūmā waihā: 1, Waikawa Phosphoric: 1, He kaihoko rewena: 6, Taonga tunu: 6, houra tunutunu: 1, hau hau hauhā: 1, Kakano rewharewha: 1, Te puna o te konupūmā me te ūkuikui: 2, Kai kararehe: 4, heihei: 3, Ka whakamahia ano: 1, whakaehunga: 1, He tongi: 4, E mohiotia ana he haumaru: 2, FDA: 2, EFSA: 2, Te taapiri kai: 4, Ka whakaarohia he haumaru mo te kai: 2, Nga matūkai rite: 1, Te hauora wheua: 5, Te tipu me te whanaketanga kararehe: 2, Te kounga o te anga huamata: 3, Te hanga miraka: 3, Te tipu tipu: 3, Te uara kai: 2, taapiri: 7, konutai: 2, pūkawa: 1, Tauhohenga o te konupūmā waihā: 1, Tauhohenga o te konupūmā: 1, Pūtake o te konupūmā: 1)
Te wa tuku: Apr-28-2025
