Ịghọta Phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate, na Nnu Phosphate Dị Mkpa: Ntuziaka zuru oke

Banye n'ime ụwa nke phosphate, mineral dị mkpa, na ogige ya dị mkpa dị ka magnesium phosphate na iche iche phosphate salts. Edemede a na-enyocha ọrụ ha bụ isi na ahụ anyị, ojiji ha dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ, yana ihe kpatara ịghọta ihe ndị a ji dị oke mkpa maka ahụike, ọrụ ugbo na teknụzụ. Ọ bara uru ịgụ iji ghọta mmetụta dị oke mkpa nke phosphate na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na ọtụtụ ngalaba sayensị, site na usoro bayoloji bụ isi ruo na sayensị ihe onwunwe dị elu. Anyị ga-ekpughere kemịkalụ, uru ndu, na ngwa bara uru nke ogige ndị a nwere ebe niile.

Kedu ihe bụ Phosphate na gịnị kpatara o ji dị mkpa?

Phosphate bụ ihe na-eme n'okike, nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ (ion) nke nwere ihe mejupụtara phosphorus. Kpọmkwem, ọ bụ anion, polyatomic ion, ma ọ bụ a nnu nke phosphoric acid. Na kemistri, ị ga-ahụkarị ka ọ na-anọchi anya ya dị ka PO₄³⁻. Ihe ntakiri a na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ n'ụdị ndụ niile ama ama! Were ya dị ka ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ dị mkpa. Inorganic phosphate (nke a na-akpọkarị Pi) dị oke mkpa maka nnyefe ike n'ime sel. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), isi ego ike nke cell, nwere atọ otu phosphate. Mgbe otu n'ime ndị a otu phosphate gbajiri agbaji, a na-ahapụ ike, na-eme ka ihe niile dị ike site na mkpụkọ akwara ruo na mkpali akwara.

Mkpa nke phosphate gbatịa ruo nnọọ ụkpụrụ nke ndụ. Ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke DNA na RNA, ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na-ebu ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Enweghị phosphate, ụkpụrụ ndị a dị mkpa enweghị ike ịdị. Ọzọkwa, phosphate bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke membranes cell, na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe nhazi na ọrụ ha. Nke phosphoric n'ime cellular bụ usoro a na-achịkwa nke ọma, na-ahụ na sel nwere ego nke phosphate ọ dị ha mkpa na-enweghị ịgbakọta nke ukwuu. Nke ọrụ nke phosphate dị nnọọ etiti na ndụ dị ka anyị maara na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị zuru ezu ọkọnọ nke a ịnweta. Ọnụnọ ya dị oke mkpa maka uto, mmezi, na nrụzi nke anụ ahụ niile.

Ewezuga ọrụ ndu ya, phosphate A na-ahụ ogige nke ukwuu na nkume na mineral. Ebe nchekwa ala ndị a bụ isi mmalite nke phosphorus eji na fatịlaịza, nke dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo nke oge a mụbaa phosphate ọdịnaya dị n'ime ala, si otú ahụ na-ebuli ihe ọkụkụ. The versatility nke phosphate pụtara na ọ na-etinye aka na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na usoro mmepụta ihe. Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri ruo ihe mgbakwunye nri, phosphate na usoro ya dị n'ebe niile, na-arụ ọrụ na-agbachi nkịtị na ndabere iji meziwanye ndụ anyị. Nghọta phosphate bụ ịghọta isi nkuku ma bayoloji na ụlọ ọrụ.

Ụwa na-adọrọ adọrọ nke nnu phosphate: kedu ihe ha bụ?

A nnu, na kemịkalụ, bụ ngwakọta ionic nke na-esite na mmeghachi omume neutralization nke acid na ntọala. Phosphate salts bụ kpọmkwem nnu ndị nwere ihe phosphate ion (PO₄³⁻). N'ihi na phosphate ion nwere ụgwọ -3, ọ nwere ike ijikọta ya na otu, abụọ, ma ọ bụ atọ ion (cations) kwadoro nke ọma iji mepụta ụdị nnu dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na sodium (N'ezie), ọ nwere ike ịmepụta monosodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), disodium phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), na trisodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄). Nke ọ bụla n'ime_ ndị a sodium phosphate ogige nwere ihe dị iche iche na ojiji.

Phosphate salts dị nnọọ iche iche. cations nkịtị na-etolite phosphate salts gụnyere sodium, potassiumcalcium, magnesium na calcium. Ị nwere ike izute aha ndị dị ka potassium phosphate (nke nwere ike ịdị ka monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, ma ọ bụ tripotassium phosphate), calcium phosphate (Ihe bụ isi akụkụ nke ọkpụkpụ na ezé, gụnyere ụdị dị ka dicalcium phosphate na tricalcium phosphate), na n'ezie, magnesium phosphate. Ndị a nnu na-abụkarị achọtara na okike ma na-arụkwa ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ngwa. Njirimara akọwapụtara nke a phosphate nnu dabere na cation(s) ejikọtara ya na ọnụọgụ cations ndị ahụ.

Uru nke phosphate salts sitere na njirimara kemịkalụ ha dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ na-agbaze nke ukwuu na mmiri, ebe ndị ọzọ na-esighi ike. Ha nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-echekwa ihe, na-enyere aka idowe pH kwụsiri ike na a ngwọta phosphate. Na ụlọ ọrụ nri, ụfọdụ phosphate salts A na-eji dị ka emulsifiers, sequestrants (iji kechie ion metal), ma ọ bụ ihe na-eko achịcha. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, Sodium hexametaphosphate bụ vasatail phosphate nnu eji na iche iche usoro nri. Ikike nke phosphate ime ka ndị a kwụsiri ike phosphate salts nwere ihe dị iche iche na-eme ka ha dị mkpa na kemistri, bayoloji, na ụlọ ọrụ.

Magnesium Phosphate Ekpughere: Lee anya na isi nnu a

Magnesium phosphate na-ezo aka otu nke phosphate salts nke nwere ma magnesium (Mg²⁺) na phosphate (PO₄³⁻) ion. Ọ bụghị naanị otu ogige a na-akpọ "magnesium phosphate"; kama, ọ bụ ezinụlọ nke ogige. Ụdị kachasị ewu ewu gụnyere dimagnesium phosphate (MgHPO₄), a na-ahụkarị ya na mmiri hydration dị iche iche, yana trimagnesium phosphate (Mg₃(PO₄)₂). A na-achọta Mag phos na mineral, usoro ndu, ma na-arụpụtakwa maka ojiji dị iche iche. Ụdị ọ bụla nwere njirimara na ngwa pụrụ iche.

Ndị a magnesium phosphate Ogige ndị na-adịkarị ọcha, ntụ ntụ na-enweghị isi. Solubility ha na mmiri dịgasị iche iche; ọmụmaatụ, trimagnesium phosphate ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-esighi ike na mmiri mana ọ na-agbaze na acid dilute. Ngwongwo a dị mkpa maka ngwa ya, dị ka iji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri ebe ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe mgbochi, mgbakwunye nri, ma ọ bụ pH regulator. Dị ka isi iyi nke ma magnesium na phosphate, ọ nwere ike inye aka na iri nri nke mineral ndị a dị mkpa. Ịghọta kpọmkwem ụdị nke magnesium phosphate dị oke mkpa n'ihi na akụrụngwa na ọrụ ha nwere ike ịdị iche iche nke ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Kands Chemical na-enye ezigbo mma Trimagnessium phosphate, nke a na-eji kpọrọ ihe maka ịdị ọcha ya na nkwụsi ike na ngwa dị iche iche.

N'ihe gbasara ahụike, magnesium phosphate a na-eji oge ụfọdụ na mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ homeopathic, ọ bụ ezie na akaebe sayensị maka ụfọdụ ojiji ọdịnala akọwapụtara nwere ike ịdị iche. Biologically, magnesium na phosphate bụ akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa intracellular. Magnesium bụ cofactor maka ọtụtụ enzymes, karịsịa ndị na-etinye aka na ATP metabolism (nke, dị ka anyị maara, gụnyere. phosphate). Ya mere, interplay n'etiti magnesium na phosphate dị mkpa na ọkwa cellular. Ụdị dị iche iche nke magnesium phosphate salts gosi versatility nke phosphate n'ịmepụta ogige na mineral ndị dị mkpa.

Kedu ka ahụ anyị si edozi phosphate? Njem nke Phosphate Ingested

Ahụ anyị maara nke ọma n'ịchịkwa ihe ọkwa nke phosphate. Njem nke phosphate na-amalite site na ingestion. phosphate nri na-ejupụta n'ọtụtụ nri, gụnyere ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, anụ, aki, na ọka. Ihe dị ka 60-70% nke A na-etinyekwa phosphate n'ọnụ isi na obere eriri afọ. Nke a absorption nke phosphate intestinal bụ usoro na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nke pụtara na ọ na-achọ ume, ma nwekwara ike ime na-agafe agafe dabere na ịta nke phosphate n'ime eriri afọ. Vitamin D na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite ọrịa ahụ absorption nke calcium nsia na-emetụtakwa phosphate absorption.

Ozugbo etinyere ya, phosphate na-abanye n'ọbara ma na-ekesa n'ime ahụ dum. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ahụ phosphate A na-echekwa (ihe dịka 85%) n'ime ọkpụkpụ na ezé, nke nwere calcium na mgbagwoju anya calcium phosphate nnu dị ka hydroxyapatite. Nke fọdụrụ phosphate a na-ahụ ya na anụ ahụ dị nro na mmiri extracellular. Akụrụ bụ ndị isi nchịkwa nke phosphate itule na ahu. Ha nyo phosphate site na ọbara, na mgbe ahụ a ịrịba akụkụ nke a ẹdụk phosphate eweghachite laghachi n'ọbara n'ime akụrụ tubules. Nke ego nke phosphate A na-achịkwa nke ọma site na homonụ, nke bụ isi parathyroid hormone (PTH) na fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). PTH na-agbadata n'ozuzu akụrụ phosphate reabsorption, na-eduga n'ịba ụba phosphate excretion, ebe FGF23 na-akwalitekwa phosphate excretion.

Nlekọta nke anụ ụlọ ọkwa nke phosphate dị egwu. Ngbanwe nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a mbelata nke serum phosphate N'okpuru ọkwa nkịtị ka a na-akpọ hypophosphatemia, ebe ọkwa dị elu bụ hyperphosphatemia. Ahụ na-ejikwa phosphate site na transcellular mgbanwe nke phosphate, ebe ions nke phosphate gaa n'etiti akụkụ intracellular na extracellular. Nke a nwere ike imetụta ihe ndị dị ka pH na insulin. The mgbagwoju interplay nke ntinye nke eriri afọ nke phosphate, nkesa, na akụrụ phosphate njikwa ana achi achi na phosphate cellular a na-egbo mkpa ebe a na-egbochi mkpokọta ndị na-emerụ ahụ. Usoro ziri ezi nke tubular phosphate njem na otú ọnọdụ na-eduga phosphate na-emebi emebi dị mgbagwoju anya, na-akọwakarị ya na akwụkwọ sayensị na akụrụngwa ebe ihe metụtara ya Isiokwu Sciencedirect ndị nchọpụta na-enyocha ya.

Kedu ihe ịrịba ama na ihe ize ndụ nke ụkọ phosphate?

Enweghị phosphate, ọgwụ a maara dị ka hypophosphatemia, na-eme mgbe enwere ihe na-adịghị mma obere phosphate serum ọkwa dị n'ọbara. Mgbe ọ dị nro ụkọ phosphate nwere ike ghara ịkpata mgbaàmà pụtara ìhè, agafeghị oke ma dị njọ erughi eru nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ ahụike. Mgbaàmà nwere ike gbasaa n'ihi na phosphate dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ahụ. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere adịghị ike akwara (dịka phosphate dị oké mkpa maka mmepụta ATP, ike maka mkpụkọ akwara), mgbu ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ mgbaji (n'ihi mmebi nke ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ, dị ka calcium na phosphate bụ isi ihe mejupụtara ọkpụkpụ), na ike ọgwụgwụ.

Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye usoro ụjọ ahụ, na-eduga na mgbagwoju anya, mgbakasị ahụ, ọdịdọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna coma n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike. Ọdịda iku ume nwere ike ime n'ihi adịghị ike nke akwara diaphragm. Enwere ike ịnwe nsogbu obi dị ka arrhythmias. Nke siri ike ụkọ phosphate nwere ike iduga rhabdomyolysis (mmebi nke anụ ahụ anụ ahụ) na arụrụ ọrụ sel ọbara ọcha, na-abawanye ohere nke ibute ọrịa. Mkpokọta phosphate anụ ahụ bụ ọnọdụ siri ike nke chọrọ nlekọta ahụike ozugbo. Nke ihe ize ndụ nke ụkọ phosphate dị elu karịa n'ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, dị ka ndị na-adịghị eri nri na-edozi ahụ, ndị aṅụrụma, ndị ọrịa nwere nnukwu ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ọnọdụ na-ebute mmụba. phosphate excretion dị ka ọrịa Fanconi ma ọ bụ hyperparathyroidism.

Ihe na-akpata ụkọ phosphate enwere ike ekewa n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ime isi akụkụ atọ:

1. Mbelata absorption nke phosphate intestinal: Nke a nwere ike ime n'ihi ogbenye nri phosphate (dịka ọmụmaatụ, agụụ, ọrịa malabsorption dị ka ọrịa celiac), ma ọ bụ iji oke eme ihe ihe nkedo phosphate (ọgwụ ndị na-ejikọta phosphate na eriri afọ, na-egbochi nnabata ya, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ndị ọrịa akụrụ iji jikwaa ọkwa phosphate dị elu).
2. Mmụba nke phosphate dị elu: Akụrụ nwekwara ike ịpụ apụ ọtụtụ phosphate. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi nkwụsị nke hormonal (dịka, hyperparathyroidism nke mbụ), ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-emetụta. akụrụ phosphate reabsorption, ma ọ bụ ojiji nke ụfọdụ diuretics. A na-akpọ nke a mgbe ụfọdụ phosphate na-emebi emebi.
3. Transcellular mgbanwe nke phosphate: Phosphate nwere ike isi n'ọbara banye n'ime sel, na-eduga na nwa oge mbelata nke serum phosphate. Nke a transcellular mgbanwe nke phosphate nwere ike ịkpalite ya site na refeeding syndrome (n'ime ndị ọrịa na-eri ezigbo nri), alkalosis iku ume, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa insulin ma ọ bụ glucose, nke na-akpali. phosphoric n'ime cellular. Na-edozi a ụkọ phosphate na-agụnyekarị ọnụ phosphate ma ọ bụ, n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, phosphate intravenous nnọchi.

Inweta Magnesium: kedu ka ọ si emekọrịta na ọkwa phosphate n'ime ahụ?

Magnesium na phosphate bụ abụọ n'ime mineral intracellular kasị ukwuu, na metabolisms ha na-ejikọta ya na mgbagwoju anya, ọ bụ ezie na kpọmkwem, mmekọrịta siri ike na-emetụta ọkwa ọbara nke ibe ha adịghị akpọ ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, calcium na phosphate. Agbanyeghị, ha na-ekekọrịta ụfọdụ ụzọ usoro iwu na ọrụ physiological. Na-ewere magnesium mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ inwe ọkwa magnesium dị iche iche nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na mgbanwe phosphate itule, karịsịa n'ime sel na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ụlọ ọgwụ. Ha abụọ magnesium na phosphate dị oké mkpa maka mmepụta ume (ATP metabolism), njikọ nucleic acid, na ịnọgide na-enwe akpụkpọ ahụ cell iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.

Ihe dị ịrịba ama ụkọ magnesium enwere ike jikọta ya na ọgba aghara na electrolytes ndị ọzọ, gụnyere potassium na calcium, nke nwere ike imetụta ahụ phosphate homeostasis na-apụtaghị ìhè. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, siri ike ụkọ magnesium nwere ike imebi ihe nzuzo nke parathyroid hormone (PTH) ma ọ bụ mee ka nguzogide PTH, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike imetụta phosphate excretion na calcium na phosphate metabolism. Agbanyeghị, n'ezie, na-ewere magnesium N'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ akwadoro anaghị ebute nnukwu mgbanwe na serum ọkwa nke phosphate maka ọtụtụ ndị nwere ahụike. Ahụ nwere usoro siri ike iji jikwaa ha abụọ ọkwa nke phosphate na ọkwa magnesium n'adabereghị na oke.

Ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ụdị nke ihe mgbakwunye magnesium. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbakwunye magnesium, dị ka magnesium citrate ma ọ bụ magnesium oxide, isi na-enye magnesium. Ngwakọta ndị ọzọ, dị ka magnesium phosphate n'onwe ya, ga-enye aka ma magnesium na phosphate na ahu. Mgbe ị na-atụle phosphorus na magnesium mmekọrịta, ọ na-abụkarị na ọkwa cellular ma ọ bụ na steeti ọrịa ụfọdụ (dị ka ọrịa akụrụ ebe ha abụọ nwere ike isi ike ịhazi) karịa ihe kpatara ya na nsonaazụ ozugbo. na-ewere magnesium na ọkwa nke phosphate. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-agbanyeghachi ha abụọ n'ime tubules gbasara akụrụ, na nkwụsịtụ siri ike na ọrụ akụrụ nwere ike imetụta njikwa nke mineral abụọ ahụ. N'ozuzu, nri kwesịrị ekwesị nke mineral niile, gụnyere magnesium na phosphate, bụ isi ihe maka ahụike kacha mma.

Na-agafe usoro ndu: Ojiji phosphate na nnu ya nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ

Mgbe ndu ọrụ nke phosphate bụ ihe kasị mkpa, ya chemical versatility na-eme phosphate na iche iche phosphate salts dị mkpa na a otutu ulo oru ngwa. Otu n'ime ihe kacha eji eme ihe bụ ọrụ ugbo. Phosphate bụ isi akụrụngwa nke fatịlaịza, mgbe n'ụdị dị ka ammonium phosphate (dịka ọmụmaatụ, monoammonium phosphate, diamond phosphate) ma ọ bụ superphosphate. Ogige ndị a na-enye ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa phosphorus, na-akwalite mmepe mgbọrọgwụ, nhazi mkpụrụ, na mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ. Enweghị phosphateFatịlaịza dabere, mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-adị ala nke ukwuu.

Ụlọ ọrụ nri na-eji nke ukwuu phosphate salts maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. Ha na-eme dị ka:

• Ndị ọrụ nchekwa: Iji chịkwaa acidity na alkalinity (dịka ọmụmaatụ, disodium hydrogen phosphate).
• Ihe emulsifiers: Iji mee ka ngwakọta mmanụ na mmiri kwụsie ike, nke a na-ahụkarị na chiiz na anụ a na-ahazi.
• Ndị na-eso ụzọ: Iji kechie ion ígwè nke nwere ike ime ka mmebi ma ọ bụ mwepu agba.
• Ndị na-enye ihe na-eko achịcha: N'ime ntụ ntụ, na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta carbon dioxide ma mee ka ihe esiri esi bilie (dịka ọmụmaatụ, sodium acid pyrophosphate).
• Ndị na-ejide mmiri: N'ime anụ ndị a na-edozi iji meziwanye udidi na juiciness (dịka, sodium tripolyphosphate).
• Ihe mgbakwunye nri: Iji mee ka nri na phosphorus sie ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, calcium phosphate).
  Kands Chemical, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-enye ọkwa nri dị iche iche phosphate salts dị ka Dipotassium Phosphate, mara maka ọrụ ya n'ịkwụsi ike ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ.

Ewezuga nri na ugbo, phosphate ogige dị mkpa na ngalaba ndị ọzọ. Trisodium phosphate bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ncha na ihe nchacha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ike ya ime ka mmiri dị nro na iwepu griiz, n'agbanyeghị nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi gbasara phosphate mkpọpu mmiri na-eduga na eutrophication emewo ka a na-ebelata ojiji na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Phosphate-dabere ihe bụ eji eme ihe nke ire ere, ngwaahịa eze (dị ka dicalcium phosphate na ncha eze), na ọbụna na ọgwụgwọ mmiri iji gbochie corrosion na nha nha. Ụfọdụ phosphate ogige dị ka aluminum phosphate ma ọ bụ phosphate ferric enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ na ngwa pụrụ iche. The sara mbara n'usoro nke phosphate salts, gụnyere magnesium phosphate, potassium phosphate, na iche iche sodium phosphate ụdị, nke ọ bụla nwere ihe pụrụ iche, na-eme ka ha nwee ntọala maka ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta ihe na ngwaahịa.

Ọtụtụ phosphate nwere ike imerụ ahụ? Ịghọta Ọkwa Phosphate Dị Elu

Ee, inwe kwa ọtụtụ phosphate N'ime ahụ, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka hyperphosphatemia, nwere ike imerụ ahụ. Mgbe phosphate dị mkpa, ọkwa phosphate dị elu nwere ike imebi nguzozi ịnweta mineral dị nro ma bute nsogbu ahụike siri ike. Otu n'ime nchegbu ndị bụ isi na elu na-adịghị ala ala phosphate bụ mmekọrịta ya na calcium. Mgbe ole ọkwa nke phosphate dị elu, phosphate nwere ike jikọta ya na calcium n'ime ọbara, na-akpụ calcium na phosphate salts. Ogige ndị a na-adịghị edozi ahụ nwere ike itinye n'ime anụ ahụ dị nro n'ime ahụ dum, usoro a na-akpọ calcification anụ ahụ dị nro.

Nke a calcification anụ ahụ dị nro nwere ike ime na arịa ọbara (na-enye aka na atherosclerosis na ịba ụba ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi), nkwonkwo (na-akpata mgbu na isi ike), akpụkpọ anụ (na-eduga na ọnya itching), na ọbụna akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime dị ka obi na ngụgụ, na-emebi ọrụ ha. Ọkwa phosphate dị elu na-enwe nchegbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala (CKD). Akụrụ dị mma na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na ya phosphate excretionYa mere, mgbe ọrụ akụrụ na-ebelata. phosphate nwere ike ịgbakọta n'ime ọbara. Nke a bụ ya mere ndị ọrịa CKD ji achọkarị ịgbaso usoro dị ala.phosphate nri na enwere ike ide ya ihe nkedo phosphate iji belata ntinye nke eriri afọ nke phosphate.

Agafee calcification anụ ahụ dị nro, nnukwu phosphate nwekwara ike kpalie parathyroid glands hapụkwuo parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH dị elu na-adị ogologo oge nwere ike iduga osteodystrophy gbasara akụrụ, ọrịa ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ịnweta mineral, na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-esiwanye ike ma na-enwekarị mgbaji. Ọ bụ ezie na nnukwu hyperphosphatemia siri ike nwere ike ime ka mgbaàmà dị ka ụbụrụ muscle, tetany, na nhụjuanya n'ihi nkwụsị ngwa ngwa nke calcium ọbara, hyperphosphatemia na-adịghị ala ala na-adịkarị asymptomatic ruo mgbe nsogbu dị ka calcification na-etolite. Ya mere, nlekota na ijikwa ọkwa nke phosphate, karịsịa na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dị oké mkpa iji gbochie nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge. Nke ego nke phosphate na nri kwesịrị nlebara anya nke ọma maka ndị a.

Njikọ Dị Mkpa n'etiti Calcium na Phosphate: Ntụle dị nro

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti calcium na phosphate na ahụ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị oké egwu na tightly na-achịkwa ịnweta mmekorita. Ihe mineral abụọ a bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke ọkpụkpụ na ezé, na-eme usoro kristal a na-akpọ hydroxyapatite, nke na-enye ọkpụkpụ ike na ike ya. Ihe dị ka 85% nke anụ ahụ phosphate na 99% nke calcium ya na-echekwara na skeleton, na-egosipụta njikọ ha na-adabere na ahụike ọkpụkpụ. Ịkwado ụlọ anụ ụlọ calcium na phosphate ngwaahịa (mkpụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ nke ha ịta n'ime ọbara) dị oké mkpa iji gbochie abnormal deposition nke calcium phosphate salts na anụ ahụ dị nro.

Ọkwa nke calcium na phosphate N'ime ọbara ka a na-ahazi n'otu n'otu site na ọtụtụ homonụ, nke bụ isi parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, na fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Ọmụmaatụ:

• PTH: Mgbe calcium ọbara dị ala, a na-ahapụ PTH. Ọ na-eme ka calcium reabsorption na akụrụ, na-akpali vitamin D ọrụ (nke na-akwalite absorption nke calcium nsia na phosphate absorption), na-akwalite ntọhapụ nke calcium na phosphate site na ọkpụkpụ. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, PTH na-abawanye phosphate excretion site na akụrụ, nke na-enyere aka igbochi ọkwa phosphate dị elu mgbe a na-achịkọta calcium site na ọkpụkpụ.
• Vitamin D: Vitamin D (calcitriol) na-arụ ọrụ na-abawanye nnabata nke ha abụọ calcium na phosphate site na eriri afọ.
• FGF23: A na-ewepụta homonụ a site na mkpụrụ ndụ ọkpụkpụ na nzaghachi dị elu ọkwa nke phosphate. FGF23 na-arụ ọrụ na akụrụ na-abawanye phosphate excretion na ibelata mmepụta vitamin D na-arụ ọrụ, si otú a na-ebelata absorption nke phosphate intestinal.

Ọgbaghara na nguzozi a siri ike n'etiti calcium na phosphate nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ ọkwa nke phosphate ibu oke elu (hyperphosphatemia), ọ nwere ike ibute mbelata calcium ọbara (hypocalcemia) dị ka phosphate na-ejikọta ya na calcium. N'aka nke ọzọ, ala phosphate (hypophosphatemia) nwere ike jikọta ya na calcium ọbara dị elu (hypercalcemia) n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya. Usoro hormonal dị mgbagwoju anya na-arụ ọrụ na-agwụ ike iji dobe phosphate na calcium n'ime oke ha kachasị mma, na-ahụ maka ahụike ọkpụkpụ kwesịrị ekwesị na igbochi ihe ize ndụ calcification anụ ahụ dị nro. Ịghọta njikọ a dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ọnọdụ dị ka ọrịa akụrụ, ọrịa ọkpụkpụ, na parathyroid gland dysfunctions.

Ịnweta na Ịghọta Ngwakọta Phosphate: Ihe Ị Kwesịrị Ịmara

Mgbe ị na-emepụta ihe phosphate ogige dị ka magnesium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ma ọ bụ potassium phosphate, ọtụtụ ihe dị oké mkpa iji hụ na ị na-enweta ihe dị elu, dabara adaba maka ngwa gị kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ maka mmepụta nri, usoro mmepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ iji ụlọ nyocha. Ịdị ọcha nke phosphate nnu bụ ihe kacha mkpa. Ihe adịghị ọcha nwere ike imetụta arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ, webata mmeghachi omume akụkụ na-achọghị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna bụrụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na e bu n'obi mejupụtara ya maka nri ma ọ bụ ngwa ọgwụ. Ndị na-eweta ngwaahịa a ma ama ga-enye Asambodo Analysis (CoA) na-akọwapụta ihe ndị ahụ ọdịnaya nke phosphate, ọkwa nke adịghị ọcha, na njirimara anụ ahụ.

Ịghọta kpọmkwem ọkwa nke phosphate ngwakọta dịkwa mkpa. Ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ, ọkwa nri (dịka, FCC - Codex Food Chemicals), na ọkwa ọgwụ (dịka, USP - United States Pharmacopeia) nwere ụkpụrụ ịdị ọcha dị iche iche yana ọkwa adịghị ọcha kwere ekwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ị na-achọ Disodium phosphate maka iji na usoro nri, ọ ga-emezurịrị nkọwa ọkwa nri siri ike. N'otu aka ahụ, chemicals dị ka ammonium sulfate, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ bụghị a phosphate, nwere akararị dị iche iche maka ọrụ ugbo megide teknụzụ.

N'ikpeazụ, tụlee ntụkwasị obi nke onye na-ebubata ya, nkwụsi ike n'ịdị mma ngwaahịa, na nghọta ha banyere ihe ndị ha na-enye. Onye na-eweta ihe ọmụma nwere ike inye nduzi maka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị phosphate dabeere ngwaahịa maka mkpa gị, ma ọ bụ dihydrogen phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, phosphate inorganic ngwọta, ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya phosphate salts dị ka sodium hexametaphosphate. Ha kwesịkwara ịpụta ìhè gbasara usoro nrụpụta ha na usoro njikwa mma. Maka azụmaahịa chọrọ akụrụngwa kemịkalụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ntụkwasị obi, iso ndị nrụpụta nwere ahụmahụ dị ka Kands Chemical na-eme ka ị nweta ọtụtụ ihe. phosphate ngwaahịa ndị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ dị elu. Nke a dị oké mkpa n'ihi na ọdịiche dị na ego nke phosphate ma ọ bụ ọnụnọ nke mmetọ na a ngwọta phosphate ma ọ bụ nke siri ike nwere ike imetụta mma na nchekwa ngwaahịa njedebe. Ma ọ bụ dicalcium phosphate maka nri anụmanụ ma ọ bụ pụrụ iche citrate nnu maka nchikota, ezigbo isi mmalite bụ isi.

Isi ihe oriri na Phosphate na Phosphate nnu:

• Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) bụ ion dị mkpa dị mkpa maka ndụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ume (ATP), nhazi DNA/RNA, na membranes cell.
• Phosphate salts bụ ogige kpụrụ site phosphate ion na cations dị ka sodium, potassiumcalcium, magnesium na calcium. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, na magnesium phosphate.
• Magnesium phosphate (dịka ọmụmaatụ, trimagnesium phosphate) bụ a nnu dị mkpa maka oriri na-edozi ahụ na ngwa mmepụta ihe dị iche iche.
• Ahụ tightly na-achịkwa ọkwa nke phosphate site na mmịnye eriri afọ, nchekwa ọkpụkpụ, na akụrụ phosphate excretion, mmetụta nke homonụ dị ka PTH na vitamin D.
• Enweghị phosphate (hypophosphatemia) nwere ike ịkpata adịghị ike nke anụ ahụ, mgbu ọkpụkpụ, na nsogbu akwara ozi, nke sitere na oriri na-adịghị mma, mụbaa. phosphate excretion, ma ọ bụ transcellular mgbanwe nke phosphate.
• Magnesium na phosphate ha abụọ bụ mineral intracellular dị mkpa; dị ịrịba ama ụkọ magnesium nwere ike imetụta udiozi phosphate homeostasis.
• Eji ulo oru phosphate na ya nnu buru ibu, gụnyere fatịlaịza (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ammonium phosphateIhe mgbakwunye nri (dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji dozie pH, emulsify, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ. calcium phosphate), na ncha.
• Ọkwa phosphate dị elu (hyperphosphatemia) nwere ike imerụ ahụ, na-eduga na calcification anụ ahụ dị nro na nsogbu ọkpụkpụ, karịsịa na ọrịa akụrụ. Nlekọta gụnyere nri na ihe nkedo phosphate.
• Ntuzi n'etiti calcium na phosphate dị oke mkpa maka ahụike ọkpụkpụ na igbochi calcification, nke PTH, vitamin D, na FGF23 na-ahazi.
• Mgbe ị na-emepụta ihe phosphate ogige, tụlee ịdị ọcha, ọkwa (nri, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe), na ntụkwasị obi soplaya. Ịghọta kpọmkwem ọdịnaya nke phosphate na njirimara dị oke mkpa.